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kristopher
kristopher's Journal
kristopher's Journal
June 10, 2013
http://truth-out.org/news/item/16752-americas-secret-fukushima-poisoning-the-bread-basket-of-the-world
Truthout tells the story of uranium mining on tribal lands
America's Secret Fukushima Poisoning the Bread Basket of the World
Wednesday, 05 June 2013 10:06
By Margaret Flowers and Kevin Zeese, Truthout
Early in the morning of July 16, 1979, a 20-foot section of the earthen dam blocking the waste pool for the Church Rock Uranium Mill in New Mexico caved in and released 95 million gallons of highly acidic fluid containing 1,100 tons of radioactive material. The fluid and waste flowed into the nearby Puerco River, traveling 80 miles downstream, leaving toxic puddles and backing up local sewers along the way.
Although this release of radiation, thought to be the largest in US history, occurred less than four months after the Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown, the Church Rock spill received little media attention. In contrast, the Three Mile Island accident made the headlines. And when the residents of Church Rock asked their governor to declare their community a disaster area so they could get recovery assistance, he refused.
What was the difference between the Church Rock spill and the Three Mile Island partial meltdown? ...
<snip>
Most Americans are unaware of the story of uranium mining on tribal lands because it is a difficult story to accept. It is a story that includes the long history of human rights abuses by the United States against native indians and recognition of the full costs of nuclear energy - two stories the government and big energy have suppressed.
Many people think of nuclear power as a clean source of energy. It has been promoted as part of the transition from fossil fuels. But the reality is that nuclear power comes at a heavy price to the health of people and the planet. Like other forms of extractive energy such as coal, oil and gas, uranium needs to stay in the ground. Radiation and heavy metal poisonings are a hidden environmental catastrophe that is ongoing and must be addressed. But rather than studying the health effects and cleaning up the environment, private corporations are pushing once again to lift the ban on uranium mining...
Wednesday, 05 June 2013 10:06
By Margaret Flowers and Kevin Zeese, Truthout
Early in the morning of July 16, 1979, a 20-foot section of the earthen dam blocking the waste pool for the Church Rock Uranium Mill in New Mexico caved in and released 95 million gallons of highly acidic fluid containing 1,100 tons of radioactive material. The fluid and waste flowed into the nearby Puerco River, traveling 80 miles downstream, leaving toxic puddles and backing up local sewers along the way.
Although this release of radiation, thought to be the largest in US history, occurred less than four months after the Three Mile Island partial nuclear meltdown, the Church Rock spill received little media attention. In contrast, the Three Mile Island accident made the headlines. And when the residents of Church Rock asked their governor to declare their community a disaster area so they could get recovery assistance, he refused.
What was the difference between the Church Rock spill and the Three Mile Island partial meltdown? ...
<snip>
Most Americans are unaware of the story of uranium mining on tribal lands because it is a difficult story to accept. It is a story that includes the long history of human rights abuses by the United States against native indians and recognition of the full costs of nuclear energy - two stories the government and big energy have suppressed.
Many people think of nuclear power as a clean source of energy. It has been promoted as part of the transition from fossil fuels. But the reality is that nuclear power comes at a heavy price to the health of people and the planet. Like other forms of extractive energy such as coal, oil and gas, uranium needs to stay in the ground. Radiation and heavy metal poisonings are a hidden environmental catastrophe that is ongoing and must be addressed. But rather than studying the health effects and cleaning up the environment, private corporations are pushing once again to lift the ban on uranium mining...
http://truth-out.org/news/item/16752-americas-secret-fukushima-poisoning-the-bread-basket-of-the-world
June 10, 2013
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/06/11/editorials/cease-promoting-nuclear-power/#.UbYsRHAyHdk
Japan Times OpEd: Cease promoting nuclear power
Cease promoting nuclear power
JUN 11, 2013
Meeting in Tokyo on June 7, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and French President Francois Hollande agreed to cooperate on the development of a nuclear fuel cycle and the export of nuclear power technology. Mr. Abes decision to push forward with nuclear power technology is deplorable given the damage caused by the ongoing crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.
Mr. Abe and Mr. Hollande also agreed to launch talks between their countries foreign and defense ministers on the joint development of defense equipment. This decision, which could lead to use of weapons jointly developed by Japan and France in military conflicts, shows that Mr. Abe has little respect for the Constitutions no-war principle.
Mr. Abes decision to move forward with the development of nuclear power technology represents his cynical disregard for the victims of the Fukushima nuclear crisis. Some 150,000 Fukushima residents still cannot return home due to radioactive contamination and many others live in fear of exposure to radiation released by the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.
In May, Mr. Abe signed agreements with the United Arab Emirates and Turkey to enable the export of Japanese nuclear technology to them. At a joint news conference with Mr. Hollande, he said, Japan will respond to expectations about Japans nuclear power technology from the viewpoint of enhancing the worlds safety level (in nuclear power generation). If the prime minister seriously considered the ramifications of the Fukushima disaster, he could not have made such a statement.
The timing of the prime ministers misguided plan ...
JUN 11, 2013
Meeting in Tokyo on June 7, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and French President Francois Hollande agreed to cooperate on the development of a nuclear fuel cycle and the export of nuclear power technology. Mr. Abes decision to push forward with nuclear power technology is deplorable given the damage caused by the ongoing crisis at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.
Mr. Abe and Mr. Hollande also agreed to launch talks between their countries foreign and defense ministers on the joint development of defense equipment. This decision, which could lead to use of weapons jointly developed by Japan and France in military conflicts, shows that Mr. Abe has little respect for the Constitutions no-war principle.
Mr. Abes decision to move forward with the development of nuclear power technology represents his cynical disregard for the victims of the Fukushima nuclear crisis. Some 150,000 Fukushima residents still cannot return home due to radioactive contamination and many others live in fear of exposure to radiation released by the crippled Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant.
In May, Mr. Abe signed agreements with the United Arab Emirates and Turkey to enable the export of Japanese nuclear technology to them. At a joint news conference with Mr. Hollande, he said, Japan will respond to expectations about Japans nuclear power technology from the viewpoint of enhancing the worlds safety level (in nuclear power generation). If the prime minister seriously considered the ramifications of the Fukushima disaster, he could not have made such a statement.
The timing of the prime ministers misguided plan ...
http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/06/11/editorials/cease-promoting-nuclear-power/#.UbYsRHAyHdk
June 10, 2013
A conversation about a new documentary, its provocative claimsand the facts it leaves out.
Mark Hertsgaard and Terry Tempest Williams J
Recently, acclaimed writer and activist Terry Tempest Williams alerted The Nation about a new documentary she had just seen that caused her to question her long-held opposition to nuclear power. Pandoras Promise, which appears in theaters in June and will be broadcast by CNN in the fall, features five converts who argue that the dire threat of climate change requires humanity to embrace nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels. Mark Hertsgaard, The Nations environment correspondent, who has been covering the nuclear industry since investigating it for his book Nuclear Inc. (Pantheon, 1983), had a different reaction to the film. What follows is a dialogue between Williams and Hertsgaard about the film, the history of the nuclear industry and alternative solutions to the climate crisis.The Editors
Read more: http://www.thenation.com/article/174733/pandoras-terrifying-promise-can-nuclear-power-save-planet#ixzz2VqS6N2bq
The Nation - Pandora’s Terrifying Promise: Can Nuclear Power Save the Planet?
Pandoras Terrifying Promise: Can Nuclear Power Save the Planet?A conversation about a new documentary, its provocative claimsand the facts it leaves out.
Mark Hertsgaard and Terry Tempest Williams J
Recently, acclaimed writer and activist Terry Tempest Williams alerted The Nation about a new documentary she had just seen that caused her to question her long-held opposition to nuclear power. Pandoras Promise, which appears in theaters in June and will be broadcast by CNN in the fall, features five converts who argue that the dire threat of climate change requires humanity to embrace nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels. Mark Hertsgaard, The Nations environment correspondent, who has been covering the nuclear industry since investigating it for his book Nuclear Inc. (Pantheon, 1983), had a different reaction to the film. What follows is a dialogue between Williams and Hertsgaard about the film, the history of the nuclear industry and alternative solutions to the climate crisis.The Editors
Read more: http://www.thenation.com/article/174733/pandoras-terrifying-promise-can-nuclear-power-save-planet#ixzz2VqS6N2bq
June 9, 2013
More at:
http://www.democraticunderground.com/112746321
If you only read one article on solar this month, make it this one.
XPost from EE:
UBS: Boom in unsubsidised solar PV flags energy revolution
By Giles Parkinson on 23 January 2013
<snip>
According to analysts from the global investment banking giant UBS, the arrival of socket parity where the cost of installing solar is cheaper than grid-sourced supplies is about to cause a boom in un-subsidised solar installation in Europe, and the energy market may never be quite the same again.
Such forecasts have long been the province of environmentalists, climate activists, university researchers, and the occasional industry leader, such as David Crane, the head of NRG, the largest generator of electricity in the US.
Now, the team of energy analysts from UBS, writing in response to plunging power prices in Europe, has issued a stunning report entitled The unsubsidised solar revolution suggesting that investing in solar will become a no brainer for households in several European countries, and will have profound implications for the incumbent energy industry. ...
By Giles Parkinson on 23 January 2013
<snip>
According to analysts from the global investment banking giant UBS, the arrival of socket parity where the cost of installing solar is cheaper than grid-sourced supplies is about to cause a boom in un-subsidised solar installation in Europe, and the energy market may never be quite the same again.
Such forecasts have long been the province of environmentalists, climate activists, university researchers, and the occasional industry leader, such as David Crane, the head of NRG, the largest generator of electricity in the US.
Now, the team of energy analysts from UBS, writing in response to plunging power prices in Europe, has issued a stunning report entitled The unsubsidised solar revolution suggesting that investing in solar will become a no brainer for households in several European countries, and will have profound implications for the incumbent energy industry. ...
More at:
http://www.democraticunderground.com/112746321
June 9, 2013
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/why-solar-pv-without-subsidies-is-a-no-brainer-for-households-49391
Another article on the same UBS report
Why solar PV without subsidies is a no-brainer for households
By Giles Parkinson on 24 January 2013
There was a huge response to our article on Wednesday, summarising the UBS report on how a boom in un-subsidised solar installations would cause a revolution in energy markets. Most people wanted more details of how UBS arrived at their calculations, so weve decided to share more of their report on what makes solar PV and battery storage such a compelling proposition to households and businesses, even without subsidies.
There are two principal pieces to the equation the falling cost of solar and battery manufacturing on one side, and the rising cost of grid-based electricity on the other. UBS estimates the total cost of installed solar PV (including inverters and balance of systems costs) has fallen by well over half in the last few years, and will continue to do so, while grid prices (ironically including the cost of renewable subsidies) have risen and will continue to do so.
In combination, we see this as a game-changer for the competitiveness of solar systems, the UBS energy team writes. Private households and commercial users will be able to save on their electricity bills if they install a solar system without any benefits from subsidies. As we noted yesterday, just on economics, it said every household in Germany, Italy and Spain should have a solar system by the end of the decade.
UBS says unsubsidised solar systems are now at break-even but, on its estimates, the payback time of unsubsidised solar systems will shrink to some five years for commercial installations and some 10 years for residential rooftops by 2020. It says the economics work in Germany, Italy and Spain, even if financing might be a problem for the latter economy....
By Giles Parkinson on 24 January 2013
There was a huge response to our article on Wednesday, summarising the UBS report on how a boom in un-subsidised solar installations would cause a revolution in energy markets. Most people wanted more details of how UBS arrived at their calculations, so weve decided to share more of their report on what makes solar PV and battery storage such a compelling proposition to households and businesses, even without subsidies.
There are two principal pieces to the equation the falling cost of solar and battery manufacturing on one side, and the rising cost of grid-based electricity on the other. UBS estimates the total cost of installed solar PV (including inverters and balance of systems costs) has fallen by well over half in the last few years, and will continue to do so, while grid prices (ironically including the cost of renewable subsidies) have risen and will continue to do so.
In combination, we see this as a game-changer for the competitiveness of solar systems, the UBS energy team writes. Private households and commercial users will be able to save on their electricity bills if they install a solar system without any benefits from subsidies. As we noted yesterday, just on economics, it said every household in Germany, Italy and Spain should have a solar system by the end of the decade.
UBS says unsubsidised solar systems are now at break-even but, on its estimates, the payback time of unsubsidised solar systems will shrink to some five years for commercial installations and some 10 years for residential rooftops by 2020. It says the economics work in Germany, Italy and Spain, even if financing might be a problem for the latter economy....
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/why-solar-pv-without-subsidies-is-a-no-brainer-for-households-49391
June 9, 2013
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/graph-of-the-day-solar-grid-parity-in-102-countries-39133
Another visual from the comments - its text is worth paying attention to:
Graph of the Day: Solar grid parity in 102 countries
By Giles Parkinson on 24 May 2013
Heres an interesting graph used by Suntechs Stuart Wenham (sourced from Applied Materials) during a presentation at the Solar 2013 conference in Melbourne on Thursday. It highlights the extent of grid parity for solar PV across the world it is now in 102 countries.
This definition of grid parity is the cost of rooftop solar versus the cost of electricity sourced from the grid this is sometimes known as socket parity. Most of the countries though not all are those with good solar resources and relatively high electricity pricesAustralia reached socket parity several years ago.
Wenham says that solar PV will fall a further 50 per cent in costs up to 2020 see our story today. He says that solar PV at a utility level will also challenge fossil fuels as it already does in those with high gas and diesel costs, and will offer the cheapest avenue to countries which have little electricity infrastructure.
Heres an interesting graph used by Suntechs Stuart Wenham (sourced from Applied Materials) during a presentation at the Solar 2013 conference in Melbourne on Thursday. It highlights the extent of grid parity for solar PV across the world it is now in 102 countries.
This definition of grid parity is the cost of rooftop solar versus the cost of electricity sourced from the grid this is sometimes known as socket parity. Most of the countries though not all are those with good solar resources and relatively high electricity pricesAustralia reached socket parity several years ago.
Wenham says that solar PV will fall a further 50 per cent in costs up to 2020 see our story today. He says that solar PV at a utility level will also challenge fossil fuels as it already does in those with high gas and diesel costs, and will offer the cheapest avenue to countries which have little electricity infrastructure.
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/graph-of-the-day-solar-grid-parity-in-102-countries-39133
Another visual from the comments - its text is worth paying attention to:
June 9, 2013
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/ubs-boom-in-unsubsidised-solar-pv-flags-energy-revolution-60218
If you only read one article on solar this month, make it this one.
UBS: Boom in unsubsidised solar PV flags energy revolution
By Giles Parkinson on 23 January 2013
<snip>
According to analysts from the global investment banking giant UBS, the arrival of socket parity where the cost of installing solar is cheaper than grid-sourced supplies is about to cause a boom in un-subsidised solar installation in Europe, and the energy market may never be quite the same again.
Such forecasts have long been the province of environmentalists, climate activists, university researchers, and the occasional industry leader, such as David Crane, the head of NRG, the largest generator of electricity in the US.
Now, the team of energy analysts from UBS, writing in response to plunging power prices in Europe, has issued a stunning report entitled The unsubsidised solar revolution suggesting that investing in solar will become a no brainer for households in several European countries, and will have profound implications for the incumbent energy industry.
Solar has turned from a heavily-subsidised marginal technology into a mainstream source of power generation, the UBS analysts write. Thanks to significant cost reductions and rising retail tariffs, households and commercial users are set to install solar systems to reduce electricity bills without any subsidies.
Heres a graph to illustrate what they mean. It shows the light blue line at the top, which indicates where grid-based electricity costs are heading.
The dark blue line indicates the cost of solar PV its now at an inflection point in southern Germany and will get cheaper...
By Giles Parkinson on 23 January 2013
<snip>
According to analysts from the global investment banking giant UBS, the arrival of socket parity where the cost of installing solar is cheaper than grid-sourced supplies is about to cause a boom in un-subsidised solar installation in Europe, and the energy market may never be quite the same again.
Such forecasts have long been the province of environmentalists, climate activists, university researchers, and the occasional industry leader, such as David Crane, the head of NRG, the largest generator of electricity in the US.
Now, the team of energy analysts from UBS, writing in response to plunging power prices in Europe, has issued a stunning report entitled The unsubsidised solar revolution suggesting that investing in solar will become a no brainer for households in several European countries, and will have profound implications for the incumbent energy industry.
Solar has turned from a heavily-subsidised marginal technology into a mainstream source of power generation, the UBS analysts write. Thanks to significant cost reductions and rising retail tariffs, households and commercial users are set to install solar systems to reduce electricity bills without any subsidies.
Heres a graph to illustrate what they mean. It shows the light blue line at the top, which indicates where grid-based electricity costs are heading.
The dark blue line indicates the cost of solar PV its now at an inflection point in southern Germany and will get cheaper...
http://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/ubs-boom-in-unsubsidised-solar-pv-flags-energy-revolution-60218
June 9, 2013
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/03/03/1664481/solar-report-stunner-unsubsidized-grid-parity-has-been-reached-in-india-italy-with-more-countries-coming-in-2014/
Unsubsidized ‘Grid Parity Has Been Reached In India’, Italy–With More Countries Coming in 2014
Solar Report Stunner: Unsubsidized Grid Parity Has Been Reached In India, ItalyWith More Countries Coming in 2014
By Jeff Spross on Mar 3, 2013 at 6:20 pm
Deutsche Bank just released new analyses concluding that global solar market will become sustainable on its own terms by the end of 2014, no longer needing subsidies to continue performing.
The German-based bank said that rooftop solar is looking especially robust, and sees strong demand in solar markets in India, China, Britain, Germany, India, and the United States. As a result, Deutsche Bank actually increased its forecast for solar demand in 2013 to 30 gigawatts a 20 percent increase over 2012.
Heres Renew Economy with a summary of Deutsche Bankss logic:
As Renew Economy ...
By Jeff Spross on Mar 3, 2013 at 6:20 pm
Deutsche Bank just released new analyses concluding that global solar market will become sustainable on its own terms by the end of 2014, no longer needing subsidies to continue performing.
The German-based bank said that rooftop solar is looking especially robust, and sees strong demand in solar markets in India, China, Britain, Germany, India, and the United States. As a result, Deutsche Bank actually increased its forecast for solar demand in 2013 to 30 gigawatts a 20 percent increase over 2012.
Heres Renew Economy with a summary of Deutsche Bankss logic:
The key for Deutsche is the emergence of unsubsidised markets in many key countries. It points, for instance, to India, where despite delays in the national solar program, huge demand for state based schemes has produced very competitive tenders, in the [12 cents per kilowatt hour] range. Given the countrys high solar radiation profile and high electricity prices paid by industrial customers, it says several conglomerates are considering large scale implementation of solar for self consumption.
Grid parity has been reached in India even despite the high cost of capital of around 10-12 percent, Deutsche Bank notes, and also despite a slight rise in module prices of [3 to 5 cents per kilowatt] in recent months (good for manufacturers).
Italy is another country that appears to be at grid parity, where several developers are under advanced discussions to develop unsubsidized projects in Southern Italy. Deutsche Bank says that for small commercial enterprises that can achieve 50 percent or more self consumption, solar is competitive with grid electricity in most parts of Italy, and commercial businesses in Germany that have the load profile to achieve up to 90 percent self consumption are also finding solar as an attractive source of power generation.
Deutsche bank says demand expected in subsidised markets such as Japan and the UK, including Northern Ireland, is expected to be strong, the US is likely to introduce favourable legislation, including giving solar installations the same status as real estate investment trusts, strong pipelines in Africa and the Middle east, and unexpectedly strong demand in countries such as Mexico and Caribbean nations means that its forecasts for the year are likely to rise.
As Renew Economy ...
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2013/03/03/1664481/solar-report-stunner-unsubsidized-grid-parity-has-been-reached-in-india-italy-with-more-countries-coming-in-2014/
June 9, 2013
http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-chinese-authorities-arrest-man-for-setting-fatal-bus-fire-that-killed-47-people-20130608,0,274281.story
Angry man set bus fire that killed 47 in China, authorities say
Just imagine what he could have done with an AK47.
Angry man set bus fire that killed 47 in China, authorities say
http://www.trbimg.com/img-51b357ef/turbine/la-fg-wn-chinese-authorities-arrest-man-for-se-001/600
Investigators at the scene of a bus fire Friday in Xiamen, China, that killed 47 people, including the disgruntled man authorities said set the blaze. (AFP / Getty Images / June 7, 2013)
By Barbara Demick
June 8, 2013, 9:24 a.m.
BEIJING -- Chinese police said Saturday that a disgruntled man set a fire that roared through a commuter bus Friday in Xiamen, leaving 47 people dead including himself, Chinese state media reported.
The suspect was identified as Chen Shuizong, 59. Police found a suicide note at his home and family members were quoted as saying he had been petitioning the government over the denial of social security benefits.
Petitioning is a longrunning Chinese system for addressing grievances by sending letters to government agencies for lack of a well-functioning judicial system. In the past, angry petitioners have been implicated in bombings, but the high toll in the bus fire makes it one of China's deadliest such acts in recent years.
Shocking footage showed the overcrowded bus engulfed in flames on an overhead roadway in the coastal city, formerly known as Amoy. The fire took place at the height of the evening rush hour and 90 people were on the bus, authorities said. In addition to those killed, 34 were hospitalized, many in critical condition.
The Xinhua news service reported...
http://www.trbimg.com/img-51b357ef/turbine/la-fg-wn-chinese-authorities-arrest-man-for-se-001/600
Investigators at the scene of a bus fire Friday in Xiamen, China, that killed 47 people, including the disgruntled man authorities said set the blaze. (AFP / Getty Images / June 7, 2013)
By Barbara Demick
June 8, 2013, 9:24 a.m.
BEIJING -- Chinese police said Saturday that a disgruntled man set a fire that roared through a commuter bus Friday in Xiamen, leaving 47 people dead including himself, Chinese state media reported.
The suspect was identified as Chen Shuizong, 59. Police found a suicide note at his home and family members were quoted as saying he had been petitioning the government over the denial of social security benefits.
Petitioning is a longrunning Chinese system for addressing grievances by sending letters to government agencies for lack of a well-functioning judicial system. In the past, angry petitioners have been implicated in bombings, but the high toll in the bus fire makes it one of China's deadliest such acts in recent years.
Shocking footage showed the overcrowded bus engulfed in flames on an overhead roadway in the coastal city, formerly known as Amoy. The fire took place at the height of the evening rush hour and 90 people were on the bus, authorities said. In addition to those killed, 34 were hospitalized, many in critical condition.
The Xinhua news service reported...
http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-chinese-authorities-arrest-man-for-setting-fatal-bus-fire-that-killed-47-people-20130608,0,274281.story
June 9, 2013
Solar storm Risk to the north American electric grid
You can download this report here:
http://www.lloyds.com/the-market/tools-and-resources/research/exposure-management/emerging-risks/emerging-risk-reports/business/solar-storm
This report was written by Lloyds with research and analysis by scientists from Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. (AER) Nicole Homeier, PhD, Director of Product Innovation and Senior Staff Scientist at AER Lisa Wei, PhD, Staff Scientist at AER.
Lloyds would like to thank Professor Richard Horne (Fellow, AGU, British Antarctic Survey), Michael Maran (Chief Science Officer Catlin) and David Wade (Underwriter, Atrium Space Insurance Consortium) for their input in the report. We would also like to thank NASA for providing us with the picture for the front cover.
Disclaimer
This report has been produced by Lloyd's and the Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. for general information purposes only. The information contained herein has included inputs from Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER), a Verisk Analytics company. While care has been taken in gathering the data and preparing the report, Lloyd's does not make any representations or warranties as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly excludes to the maximum extent permitted by law all those that might otherwise be implied.
Lloyd's accepts no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage of any nature occasioned to any person as a result of acting or refraining from acting as a result of, or in reliance on, any statement, fact, figure or expression of opinion or belief contained in this report. This report does not constitute advice of any kind.
© Lloyds 2013 All rights reserved
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