FRAGRANCE CHEMICALS AS TOXIC SUBSTANCES: Acetaldehyde - found in perfume, dyes, fruit and fish preservatives, and flavor fragrances, which produces a fruity odor. It is a suspected animal carcinogen and has been classified in Group B2 as a probable human carcinogen of low carcinogenic hazard by the EPA. It can cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation. No information is available on the reproductive or developmental effects of acetaldehyde in humans; however studies in animals have shown that acetaldehyde has crossed the placenta to the fetus.
Acetone - found in cologne, dishwashing detergent, nail enamel remover, and cosmetics. Inhalation can cause dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of coordination, eye, nose and throat irritation and in severe cases tremors and coma. Acetone is on the Hazardous Substance List because it is flammable.
Acetonitrile - found in perfume, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. It can cause irritation of the mucous membranes, weakness, headaches, tremor, numbness, and nausea. High concentrations can cause convulsions and death.
Benzaldehyde - found in perfume, hairspray, laundry bleach, deodorants, detergents, shampoo, soap, dishwasher detergent. It can be a sensitizer, also causing eye, throat, lung, and skin irritation. It may cause kidney damage.
Benzyl Acetate - found in perfume, cologne, fabric softener, after shave, deodorants, hairspray, bleach, air freshener. Inhalation can cause eye, throat and respiratory irritation.
Benzyl Alcohol - found in perfume, cologne. shampoo, air fresheners, laundry bleach, detergent, fabric softener, deodorants, soap, nail enamel remover, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and ointments. It can cause dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, dizziness, weakness, skin, eye, mucous membrane and respiratory tract irritation.
Benzyl chloride - found in perfume, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and a flavor fragrance. It was formerly used as an irritant gas in chemical warfare. It can cause skin, eye, lung, and mucous membrane irritation, dizziness, headache, fatigue, and is a suspected animal carcinogen. The EPA has classified benzyl chloride as a Group B2, which is a probable human carcinogen of low carcinogenic hazard.
Camphor - found in perfume, fabric softener, shaving cream, nail polish, air fresheners, and dishwasher detergent. It can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, dizziness, nausea, confusion, and tremors.
Cinnamaldehyde - found in perfume and flavors. It can cause eye, nose, skin and respiratory tract irritation.
Citronella - found in perfume, fabric softener, shampoo, and nail enamel remover. It can cause eye, nose, skin and respiratory tract irritation.
Dimethyl sulfate - found in perfume, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. It was formally used in chemical warfare. It is a suspected animal carcinogen and a Group B2, probable human carcinogen. It can also cause eye, mouth, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. Severe exposure may cause lung, heart, kidney and central nervous system damage, convulsions, delirium, paralysis, coma, and even death.
Ethanol - found in perfume, hairspray, shampoo, air fresheners, nail polish, nail enamel remover, laundry detergent, shaving cream, and dishwashing detergent. It can cause lung, kidney and liver damage, fatigue, nausea, tremors, anemia, respiratory tract irritation, and conjunctivitis.
Limonene - found in perfume, flavor fragrances, soap, deodorant, nail polish and remover, fabric softener, air freshener, aftershave, dishwasher detergent, waterless hand cleaners, and pesticides. Limonene is used for its lemon-like flavor and odor. It is a known animal carcinogen, yet it is widely used in insect repellents for flea control on pets such as cats and dogs. It can be a skin, eye, nose, throat and respiratory tract irritant and it can cause headaches. It is a skin sensitizer.
Linalool - found in perfume, cologne, air freshener, aftershave, shaving cream, soap, hand lotion, fabric softener, laundry detergent, and dishwashing liquid. It can cause central nervous system damage such as confusion, depression, and dizziness.
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - found in some shampoos, cologne, and paint and varnish remover. In 1988 it was banned by the FDA; however in a 1991 EPA Report on Fragrances, methylene chloride was still found in fragranced products. In this report, methylene chloride was listed as one of the 20 most common chemicals found in fragranced products. It is carcinogenic, and can cause headache, numbness, irritability, fatigue, confusion, and central nervous system damage, eye and skin irritation. Severe exposure can cause unconsciousness and death.
Musk ambrette - found in perfume. It has been proven to cause central nervous system damage, weight loss and muscle weakness in laboratory animals.
Musk tetralin (AETT) - was found in perfume, aftershave lotions, colognes, creams, and was used as a masking agent in unscented products. This chemical was found to cause irritability, degeneration of the brain neurons and changes in the spinal cord in laboratory animals. This chemical was voluntarily withdrawn by the fragrance industry in 1977 but it has not been banned by the FDA. It can be reintroduced into the fragrance industry at any time and there are no guarantees that it is not being used now.
Styrene oxide - found in perfume and cosmetics. It can cause skin and eye irritation. In animals it is known to be a central nervous system depressant.
a-Terpineol - found in perfume, cologne, fabric softener, air fresheners, soap, hairspray, laundry detergent and bleach, and aftershave. It produces a lilac odor. It can cause eye, nose, skin, and respiratory irritation, headache, depression and central nervous system damage.
Toluene (methyl benzene) - found in perfume, soap, cosmetics, nail polish removers, detergents, dyes, aerosol spray paints, paint strippers, spot removers, gasoline, antifreeze, and explosives. Petroleum crude oil is the largest source of toluene. It can cause damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, and central nervous system, skin and eye irritation, numbness, dizziness, tremors, headaches, confusion, unconsciousness and death. Chronic exposure can cause loss of memory and muscle control, brain damage, problems with speech, hearing and vision.
It is interesting to note that toluene was detected in every fragrance sample collected by the Environmental Protection Agency for a 1991 report. References:
"Acetone Material Safety Data Sheet." New Jersey Department of Health: Right to Know Program. NJ. 1986.
"Acetonitrile." United Air Toxics Website. Environmental Protection Agency. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/ttnuatw1/hlthef/acetonit.html "Benzyl Alcohol." Available: www.chem.utah.edu
"Benzyl Chloride." United Air Toxics Website. Environmental Protection Agency. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/ttnuatw1/hlthef/benzylch.html "Chemicals in the Environment: Methylene Chloride." Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994.
"Chemicals in the Environment: Toluene." Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994.
"Citronella Material Safety Data Sheet." The Good Scents Company. Oak Creek; Wis. 1977.
"Cinnamaldehyde Material Safety Data Sheet." NTP Chemical Repository, Radian Corporation. 1991.
"Dimethyl Sulfate." United Air Toxics Website. Environmental Protection Agency. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/ttnuatw1/hlthef/di-sulfa.html Kendall, Julia. "Making Sense of Scents." Citizens for a Toxic-Free Marin. Available: http:www.supernet.net/~jackibar/perfume.html
Kendall, Julia. "No Perfume Means Healthier Air." Citizens for a Toxic-Free Marin. Available: http:www.supernet.net/~jackibar/perfume.html
"D-Limonene - Techmical Grade Material Safety Data Sheet." Flordia Chemcial Co. Inc. Available: www.pdc.cornell.edu
"2-Methoxyethanol and 2-Ethoxyethanol)Glycol Ethers." United Air Toxics Website. Environmental Protection Agency. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/ttnuatw1/hlthef/glycolet.html "R.E.D. Facts Limonene." United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA -738-F-94-030 Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances Agency. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington. DC. 1994.
"Styrene Oxide." ." United Air Toxics Website. Environmental Protection Agency. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/ttnuatw1/hlthef/styreneo.html "Toluene Material Safety Data Sheet." New Jersey Department of Health: Right to Know Program. NJ. 1986.
"Uses and Safety: National Toxicology Program Reports" Fragranced Products Information Network. Available:
http://pw1.netcom.com/~bcb56/use_safety.html Wallace, Lance. "Identification of Polar Volatile Organic Compounds in Consumer Products and Common Microenvironments." Environmental Protection Agency; Washington, DC. 1991.
http://www.chebucto.ns.ca/education/CASLE/fragrance.html.........
HOW TOLUENE ENTERS AND AFFECTS YOUR BODY Toluene enters your body when it evaporates into the air you breathe.
Toluene can also be absorbed through your skin, especially with lengthy skin contact. Overexposure to toluene mainly affects the central nervous system (the brain), causing headache, nausea, dizziness, clumsiness, drowsiness, and other effects like those of drunkenness. Other symptoms can also occur, as described below.
Nervous System: Toluene, like most organic solvents, can affect your brain the same way drinking alcohol does. Drinking alcohol within a few hours of exposure increases these effects and makes them last longer, because the effects of alcohol and other organic solvents on the brain add together. The symptoms of short-term overexposure usually clear up within hours after exposure stops. Effects occur more quickly and become more noticeable and serious as the level and time of exposure increase. These symptoms can increase your chances of having accidents.
The table below lists exposure levels at which various effects of toluene are likely to appear. The table gives exposure levels in "ppm" ("parts per million" - the number of parts of toluene in each million parts of air).
Most experts believe that repeated, frequent overexposure to organic solvents over months or years can have long-lasting and possibly permanent effects on the nervous system. The symptoms of these long-term effects include fatigue, sleeplessness, poor coordination, difficulty in concentrating, loss of short-term memory, and personality changes such as depression, anxiety, and irritability. We do not know at what exposure levels these effects occur, and the effects have not been studied in workers exposed only to toluene.
Nervous Systems Effects of Toluene Level Effects of 8-Hour Average Exposure
100 ppm headache, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue
200 ppm nausea, weakness, poor coordination, numbness,
tingling,
600 ppm sleepiness, lack of emotional control, staggering
800 ppm severe nervousness, muscular fatigue, insomnia
which lasts for days
>10,000 ppm loss of consciousness, death
Skin: Toluene, like other organic solvents, can dissolve your skin's natural protective oils. Frequent or prolonged skin contact can cause irritation and dermatitis (skin rash), with dryness, redness, flaking, and cracking of the skin. Toluene penetrates most ordinary clothing (see "Personal Protective Equipment," page 4) and can get trapped in gloves and boots. Such exposure can cause burns and blistering.
Eyes, Nose, and Throat: Toluene in the air can irritate your eyes, nose, and throat. Liquid toluene splashed in the eye can sting, and may slightly damage the surface of the eye, but the eye usually heals within a few days.
Hearing: One study suggested that toluene, and possibly other organic solvents, may be able to cause hearing loss.
Lungs: Exposure to toluene at high levels can irritate the lungs, causing chest pain and shortness of breath. Extreme overexposure (for example, in an enclosed or confined space) can cause pulmonary edema, a potentially life-threatening condition in which the lungs fill with fluid. However, there is no evidence that repeated, low-level exposure has any long-term effects on the lung.
Liver and Kidneys: At very high levels of exposure - such as might occur in an enclosed space or during a spill - toluene can injure the liver and kidneys. This is extremely unlikely to occur without substantial effects on the nervous system first. Generally, such liver or kidney damage is not permanent.
Cancer: In a U.S. National Toxicology Program test, rats and mice exposed to high levels of toluene in the air throughout most of their lives did not show any sign of increased cancer rates. There is no good reason to believe that toluene causes cancer. However, toluene is often contaminated with small amounts of benzene, which is a known cause of leukemia and other cancers. In a workplace where toluene is used, a proper health and safety evaluation should consider the possibility of benzene exposure.
Genetic Changes: Most studies show that toluene does not easily damage the genes or chromosomes, although at least one study found minor effects among workers exposed to high concentrations for 10-20 years.
Reproductive System: Toluene's effects on the reproductive system have not been thoroughly studied. A number of women who have abused toluene throughout their pregnancy (by sniffing glue or paint) have had children with birth defects and delayed development. Toluene is on the State of California's Prop 65 list of chemicals known to harm the developing fetus. We don't know whether normal workplace exposure to toluene can affect pregnancy or other reproductive function. Pregnant and nursing women should avoid overexposure to toluene.
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ohb/HESIS/toluene.htmAND here:
http://www.epa.gov/chemfact/f_toluen.txt=====
And from: Tips for Chronic Fatigue Patients, May, 2004:
The immune system and the body's detoxification pathways must work overtime to deal with environmental pollutants and chemicals. Avoiding all toxic substances is impossible, but we need to exercise caution to minimize adding to total body load. Sensitivities to chemicals are common, including perfumes and colognes, petrochemicals (e.g., gasoline, exhaust fumes), hairsprays, pesticides, formaldehyde, and cleaning products.
(Source: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and Other Invisible Illnesses: The Comprehensive Guide. By Katrina Berne, Ph.D. Published by Hunter House and available at www.hunterhouse.com )
(Note I suffer with CFS or CFIDS and I cannot bear to be around ANY scents, not because I dislike them but because they make me SICK!)