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July 15, 2013
Here are summaries (from The World Atlas of Language Structure Online) of two of the "parent" languages' characteristics:
Here is the abstract of the paper mentioned in the above New York Times article:
One can listen to examples of this language on Professor O'Shannessy's university webpage:
Linguist Finds a Language in Its Infancy
Linguist Finds a Language in Its Infancy
By NICHOLAS BAKALAR
Published: July 14, 2013
There are many dying languages in the world. But at least one has recently been born, created by children living in a remote village in northern Australia.
Carmel O’Shannessy, a linguist at the University of Michigan, has been studying the young people’s speech for more than a decade and has concluded that they speak neither a dialect nor the mixture of languages called a creole, but a new language with unique grammatical rules.
The language, called Warlpiri rampaku, or Light Warlpiri, is spoken only by people under 35 in Lajamanu, an isolated village of about 700 people in Australia’s Northern Territory. In all, about 350 people speak the language as their native tongue. Dr. O’Shannessy has published several studies of Light Warlpiri, the most recent in the June issue of Language.
“Many of the first speakers of this language are still alive,” said Mary Laughren, a research fellow in linguistics at the University of Queensland in Australia, who was not involved in the studies. One reason Dr. O’Shannessy’s research is so significant, she said, “is that she has been able to record and document a ‘new’ language in the very early period of its existence.”
...
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/16/science/linguist-finds-a-language-in-its-infancy.html?src=me&ref=general
By NICHOLAS BAKALAR
Published: July 14, 2013
There are many dying languages in the world. But at least one has recently been born, created by children living in a remote village in northern Australia.
Carmel O’Shannessy, a linguist at the University of Michigan, has been studying the young people’s speech for more than a decade and has concluded that they speak neither a dialect nor the mixture of languages called a creole, but a new language with unique grammatical rules.
The language, called Warlpiri rampaku, or Light Warlpiri, is spoken only by people under 35 in Lajamanu, an isolated village of about 700 people in Australia’s Northern Territory. In all, about 350 people speak the language as their native tongue. Dr. O’Shannessy has published several studies of Light Warlpiri, the most recent in the June issue of Language.
“Many of the first speakers of this language are still alive,” said Mary Laughren, a research fellow in linguistics at the University of Queensland in Australia, who was not involved in the studies. One reason Dr. O’Shannessy’s research is so significant, she said, “is that she has been able to record and document a ‘new’ language in the very early period of its existence.”
...
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/16/science/linguist-finds-a-language-in-its-infancy.html?src=me&ref=general
Here are summaries (from The World Atlas of Language Structure Online) of two of the "parent" languages' characteristics:
Warlpiri
WALS coordinates: 20° S, 132° 20? E
spoken in Australia
Find examples here.
Alternative Names
Ethnologue: Warlpiri
Ruhlen: Warlpiri
Routledge:
Other: Walbiri, Waljbiri
ISO 639-3: wbp (article in Wikipedia)
...
http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_wrl
WALS coordinates: 20° S, 132° 20? E
spoken in Australia
Find examples here.
Alternative Names
Ethnologue: Warlpiri
Ruhlen: Warlpiri
Routledge:
Other: Walbiri, Waljbiri
ISO 639-3: wbp (article in Wikipedia)
...
http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_wrl
Kriol (Ngukurr)
WALS coordinates: 14° 50? S, 135° E
spoken in Australia
Find examples here.
Alternative Names
Ethnologue: Kriol
Ruhlen: Roper River Creole
Routledge:
Other: Kriol (Roper River), Roper River Kriol, Ngukurr Kriol
ISO 639-3: rop (article in Wikipedia)
...
http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_knq
WALS coordinates: 14° 50? S, 135° E
spoken in Australia
Find examples here.
Alternative Names
Ethnologue: Kriol
Ruhlen: Roper River Creole
Routledge:
Other: Kriol (Roper River), Roper River Kriol, Ngukurr Kriol
ISO 639-3: rop (article in Wikipedia)
...
http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_knq
Here is the abstract of the paper mentioned in the above New York Times article:
The role of multiple sources in the formation of an innovative auxiliary category in Light Warlpiri, a new Australian mixed language
Carmel O'Shannessy
From: Language
Volume 89, Number 2, June 2013
pp. 328-353 | 10.1353/lan.2013.0025
Abstract:
Light Warlpiri, a new Australian mixed language combining Warlpiri (Pama-Nyungan) with varieties of English and/or Kriol that has emerged within approximately the last thirty-five years, shows radical restructuring of the verbal auxiliary system, including modal categories that differ from those in the source languages. The structure of Light Warlpiri overall is that of a mixed language, in that most verbs and some verbal morphology are drawn from English and/or Kriol, and most nominal morphology is from Warlpiri. Nouns are drawn from both Warlpiri-lexicon and English-lexicon sources. The restructuring of the auxiliary system draws selectively on elements from Warlpiri and several varieties and styles of English and/or Kriol, combined in such a way as to produce novel constructions. It may be that when multiple sources provide input to a rapidly emerging new system, innovative categories are likely to appear.
...
http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/language/v089/89.2.o-shannessy.pdf
Carmel O'Shannessy
From: Language
Volume 89, Number 2, June 2013
pp. 328-353 | 10.1353/lan.2013.0025
Abstract:
Light Warlpiri, a new Australian mixed language combining Warlpiri (Pama-Nyungan) with varieties of English and/or Kriol that has emerged within approximately the last thirty-five years, shows radical restructuring of the verbal auxiliary system, including modal categories that differ from those in the source languages. The structure of Light Warlpiri overall is that of a mixed language, in that most verbs and some verbal morphology are drawn from English and/or Kriol, and most nominal morphology is from Warlpiri. Nouns are drawn from both Warlpiri-lexicon and English-lexicon sources. The restructuring of the auxiliary system draws selectively on elements from Warlpiri and several varieties and styles of English and/or Kriol, combined in such a way as to produce novel constructions. It may be that when multiple sources provide input to a rapidly emerging new system, innovative categories are likely to appear.
...
http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/language/v089/89.2.o-shannessy.pdf
One can listen to examples of this language on Professor O'Shannessy's university webpage:
Department of Linguistics, University of Michigan
Carmel O'Shannessy
...
Listen to a child telling "The Monster Story" in Warlpiri.
Listen to a child telling "The Monster Story" in Light Warlpiri and another here.
Watch a report about how children speak Warlpiri in Lajamanu / Nyirrpi / Willowra / Yuendumu.
...
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~carmelos/
Carmel O'Shannessy
...
Listen to a child telling "The Monster Story" in Warlpiri.
Listen to a child telling "The Monster Story" in Light Warlpiri and another here.
Watch a report about how children speak Warlpiri in Lajamanu / Nyirrpi / Willowra / Yuendumu.
...
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~carmelos/
July 15, 2013
versus
Note: The first statement above was not actually made by The White House - it has been compiled from several statements made by Obama Administration officials as well as from the documented circumstances around the killing of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki and is constructed as a satirical statement to highlight the seemingly absolute lack of concern over the killing of an American citizen and over the killing of groups of people by profiling them for drone strikes - indeed, innocents be damned.
16-year-old Child - Profiled and Killed
Apparently, all human lives are not seen as equally valuable:
October 14, 2011
Implicit Statement by the President
The death of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki was not a tragedy. Not for his father whom we have already duly executed, not for his grandfather who has no legal standing, and not for America's citizens who have been protected. Visceral, emotional reactions must be dismissed for we are a nation of laws, and this act has kept America strong. I now ask every American to calmly reflect and understand that Abdulrahman al-Awlaki should have had a more responsible father. And as this need for responsibility is understood, we should ask ourselves if we're doing all we can to expand our circle of compassion and to stem the tide of violence in the world community. We should ask ourselves, as individuals and as a society, how we can best forestall future terrorism. As citizens, that is a job for all of us - a job that Abdulrahman al-Awlaki badly shirked.
Implicit Statement by the President
The death of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki was not a tragedy. Not for his father whom we have already duly executed, not for his grandfather who has no legal standing, and not for America's citizens who have been protected. Visceral, emotional reactions must be dismissed for we are a nation of laws, and this act has kept America strong. I now ask every American to calmly reflect and understand that Abdulrahman al-Awlaki should have had a more responsible father. And as this need for responsibility is understood, we should ask ourselves if we're doing all we can to expand our circle of compassion and to stem the tide of violence in the world community. We should ask ourselves, as individuals and as a society, how we can best forestall future terrorism. As citizens, that is a job for all of us - a job that Abdulrahman al-Awlaki badly shirked.
versus
July 14, 2013
Statement by the President
The death of Trayvon Martin was a tragedy. Not just for his family, or for any one community, but for America. I know this case has elicited strong passions. And in the wake of the verdict, I know those passions may be running even higher. But we are a nation of laws, and a jury has spoken. I now ask every American to respect the call for calm reflection from two parents who lost their young son. And as we do, we should ask ourselves if we’re doing all we can to widen the circle of compassion and understanding in our own communities. We should ask ourselves if we’re doing all we can to stem the tide of gun violence that claims too many lives across this country on a daily basis. We should ask ourselves, as individuals and as a society, how we can prevent future tragedies like this. As citizens, that’s a job for all of us. That’s the way to honor Trayvon Martin.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/14/statement-president
Statement by the President
The death of Trayvon Martin was a tragedy. Not just for his family, or for any one community, but for America. I know this case has elicited strong passions. And in the wake of the verdict, I know those passions may be running even higher. But we are a nation of laws, and a jury has spoken. I now ask every American to respect the call for calm reflection from two parents who lost their young son. And as we do, we should ask ourselves if we’re doing all we can to widen the circle of compassion and understanding in our own communities. We should ask ourselves if we’re doing all we can to stem the tide of gun violence that claims too many lives across this country on a daily basis. We should ask ourselves, as individuals and as a society, how we can prevent future tragedies like this. As citizens, that’s a job for all of us. That’s the way to honor Trayvon Martin.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/14/statement-president
Note: The first statement above was not actually made by The White House - it has been compiled from several statements made by Obama Administration officials as well as from the documented circumstances around the killing of Abdulrahman al-Awlaki and is constructed as a satirical statement to highlight the seemingly absolute lack of concern over the killing of an American citizen and over the killing of groups of people by profiling them for drone strikes - indeed, innocents be damned.
Obama's Top Adviser Robert Gibbs Justifies Murder of 16 Year Old American Citizen
(The reporter's question starts at time index 1:57.)
...
Reporter (at time index 2:03) : "Do you think that the killing of Anwar Al-Awlaki's 16-year-old son who is an American citizen is justifiable?"
...
Reporter: "His son was still an American citizen."
...
Reporter: "That's an American citizen that's being targeted without due process of law - without trial and he's underage. He's a minor."
Robert Gibbs (at time index 2:38) : "I would suggest that you...uh...should have a far more responsible father. If they're...uh...truly concerned about the well-being of their children.... uh...I don't think becoming an...an al-Qaeda jihadist terrorist is the best way...uh...to go about doing your business."
(The reporter's question starts at time index 1:57.)
...
Reporter (at time index 2:03) : "Do you think that the killing of Anwar Al-Awlaki's 16-year-old son who is an American citizen is justifiable?"
...
Reporter: "His son was still an American citizen."
...
Reporter: "That's an American citizen that's being targeted without due process of law - without trial and he's underage. He's a minor."
Robert Gibbs (at time index 2:38) : "I would suggest that you...uh...should have a far more responsible father. If they're...uh...truly concerned about the well-being of their children.... uh...I don't think becoming an...an al-Qaeda jihadist terrorist is the best way...uh...to go about doing your business."
May 23, 2013, 11:47 AM
The Lethal Presidency of Barack Obama
by Tom Junod - Esquire
Sure, we as a nation have always killed people. A lot of people. But no president has ever waged war by killing enemies one by one, targeting them individually for execution, wherever they are. The Obama administration has taken pains to tell us, over and over again, that they are careful, scrupulous of our laws, and determined to avoid the loss of collateral, innocent lives. They're careful because when it comes to waging war on individuals, the distinction between war and murder becomes a fine one. Especially when, on occasion, the individuals we target are Americans and when, in one instance, the collateral damage was an American boy.
...
http://www.esquire.com/features/obama-lethal-presidency-0812
The Lethal Presidency of Barack Obama
by Tom Junod - Esquire
Sure, we as a nation have always killed people. A lot of people. But no president has ever waged war by killing enemies one by one, targeting them individually for execution, wherever they are. The Obama administration has taken pains to tell us, over and over again, that they are careful, scrupulous of our laws, and determined to avoid the loss of collateral, innocent lives. They're careful because when it comes to waging war on individuals, the distinction between war and murder becomes a fine one. Especially when, on occasion, the individuals we target are Americans and when, in one instance, the collateral damage was an American boy.
...
http://www.esquire.com/features/obama-lethal-presidency-0812
For Obama's Lethal Presidency, New Suit Aims at Justice
By Tom Junod at 9:58AM
It was a pre-emptive strike against a pre-emptive strike.
When Nasser al-Awlaki found out in early 2010 that his American-born son Anwar was on American kill list, he responded in a very American way: He sued. "I used every legal means possible to stop the killing of my son," he said in an interview this past spring. Snd (sic) so — despite the notoriety of Anwar al-Awlaki and the success of Anwar al-Awlaki in inspiring terrorist attacks against the United States — he contacted the American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Constitutional Rights, and they eventually filed a suit that attempted to enjoin the Obama Administration from carrying out its plans to kill him before he could carry out his alleged plans to kill Americans.
Nasser al-Awlaki did not win. Legal pre-emption was no match for the policy of lethal pre-emption. A federal judge ruled in December 2010 that despite the "profound questions" raised by the lawsuit, the father lacked the legal standing to sue on behalf of his son, and that the policy of targeted killing was a political issue outside the purview of the court. The hunt for Anwar al-Awlaki proceeded apace, and he was executed, by drone, on September 30, 2011, in the mountains of Yemen.
...
http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/aclu-drone-lawsuit-10785942
By Tom Junod at 9:58AM
It was a pre-emptive strike against a pre-emptive strike.
When Nasser al-Awlaki found out in early 2010 that his American-born son Anwar was on American kill list, he responded in a very American way: He sued. "I used every legal means possible to stop the killing of my son," he said in an interview this past spring. Snd (sic) so — despite the notoriety of Anwar al-Awlaki and the success of Anwar al-Awlaki in inspiring terrorist attacks against the United States — he contacted the American Civil Liberties Union and the Center for Constitutional Rights, and they eventually filed a suit that attempted to enjoin the Obama Administration from carrying out its plans to kill him before he could carry out his alleged plans to kill Americans.
Nasser al-Awlaki did not win. Legal pre-emption was no match for the policy of lethal pre-emption. A federal judge ruled in December 2010 that despite the "profound questions" raised by the lawsuit, the father lacked the legal standing to sue on behalf of his son, and that the policy of targeted killing was a political issue outside the purview of the court. The hunt for Anwar al-Awlaki proceeded apace, and he was executed, by drone, on September 30, 2011, in the mountains of Yemen.
...
http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/aclu-drone-lawsuit-10785942
July 8, 2013
It is well beyond time to close Guantánamo.
Distressing Content: Yasiin Bey (aka Mos Def) force fed under standard Guantánamo Bay procedure
Force-feeding — Guantanamo's shame
As President Obama has said, force-feeding detainees held without charge for more than a decade is unacceptable.
July 06, 2013|By Alka Pradhan, Kent Eiler and Katherine Hawkins
The restraint chair used to force-feed detainees on hunger strike is seen at the detainee hospital in Camp Delta, which is part of the U.S. military prison for 'enemy combatants' in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
At least 106 of the 166 prisoners at Guantanamo Bay detention center are reported to be on hunger strike, with 45 currently being force-fed.
A recently published report by the Constitution Project's Task Force on Detainee Treatment, to which we contributed, found that the practice of forced feeding at Guantanamo was "a form of abuse and must end." A member of the task force, Dr. Gerald Thomson, described the process: "You are forced physically to eat, by being strapped into a specially made chair and having restraints put on your arms, your legs, your body and your head so that you cannot move. [You have] a tube inserted into your throat that extends into your stomach, and you're trying to resist that with the only muscles that are free — in your throat." Detainees have said that it is intensely painful.
When the restraint chairs were first introduced to Guantanamo in December 2005, the force-feeding process was reportedly especially punitive. Several detainees said that guards kept them in a restraint chair for hours after the tube feeding ended — sometimes for as long as six hours. The military says that the restraint chairs prevent assaults on U.S. personnel, but a detainee whose condition has deteriorated such that force-feeding is medically necessary to sustain life is unlikely to have the physical ability to commit assault.
At least two detainees were force-fed in the chair twice a day for close to four years. By 2009, the process was less prolonged and brutal, but the restraint chair was still used for every feeding regardless of a detainee's compliance, according to an independent physician who visited Guantanamo and examined detainees. She found that the force-feeding procedure caused physical pain and psychological harm that in one case became full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder.
...
http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jul/06/opinion/la-oe-eiler-gitmo-hunger-strike-20130707
As President Obama has said, force-feeding detainees held without charge for more than a decade is unacceptable.
July 06, 2013|By Alka Pradhan, Kent Eiler and Katherine Hawkins
The restraint chair used to force-feed detainees on hunger strike is seen at the detainee hospital in Camp Delta, which is part of the U.S. military prison for 'enemy combatants' in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
At least 106 of the 166 prisoners at Guantanamo Bay detention center are reported to be on hunger strike, with 45 currently being force-fed.
A recently published report by the Constitution Project's Task Force on Detainee Treatment, to which we contributed, found that the practice of forced feeding at Guantanamo was "a form of abuse and must end." A member of the task force, Dr. Gerald Thomson, described the process: "You are forced physically to eat, by being strapped into a specially made chair and having restraints put on your arms, your legs, your body and your head so that you cannot move. [You have] a tube inserted into your throat that extends into your stomach, and you're trying to resist that with the only muscles that are free — in your throat." Detainees have said that it is intensely painful.
When the restraint chairs were first introduced to Guantanamo in December 2005, the force-feeding process was reportedly especially punitive. Several detainees said that guards kept them in a restraint chair for hours after the tube feeding ended — sometimes for as long as six hours. The military says that the restraint chairs prevent assaults on U.S. personnel, but a detainee whose condition has deteriorated such that force-feeding is medically necessary to sustain life is unlikely to have the physical ability to commit assault.
At least two detainees were force-fed in the chair twice a day for close to four years. By 2009, the process was less prolonged and brutal, but the restraint chair was still used for every feeding regardless of a detainee's compliance, according to an independent physician who visited Guantanamo and examined detainees. She found that the force-feeding procedure caused physical pain and psychological harm that in one case became full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder.
...
http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jul/06/opinion/la-oe-eiler-gitmo-hunger-strike-20130707
Guantánamo hunger strike: US to force-feed detainees during Ramadan
Government says feedings provide 'essential nutritional and medical care' and will not interfere with religious observance
Karen McVeigh in New York
guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 3 July 2013 17.18 EDT
The US government has refused to stop force-feeding detainees on hunger strike at Guantánamo Bay during the holy month of Ramadan.
In court papers rejecting a petition by four of more than 100 detainees said to be refusing food, the US said the feedings provided "essential nutritional and medical care" and would not interfere with religious observance of Ramadan, which begins on Monday.
Observant Muslims fast daily from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. Lawyers for President Obama also said that the "public interest lies with maintaining the status quo".
Last month, Obama gave a speech in which he promised to work towards closing the base, and to allow the release of many of the 86 prisoners held there who have been cleared for transfer. He described the camp as a moral problem for the nation that had to be solved.
...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/03/guantanamo-bay-hunger-strike-detainees-ramadan
Government says feedings provide 'essential nutritional and medical care' and will not interfere with religious observance
Karen McVeigh in New York
guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 3 July 2013 17.18 EDT
The US government has refused to stop force-feeding detainees on hunger strike at Guantánamo Bay during the holy month of Ramadan.
In court papers rejecting a petition by four of more than 100 detainees said to be refusing food, the US said the feedings provided "essential nutritional and medical care" and would not interfere with religious observance of Ramadan, which begins on Monday.
Observant Muslims fast daily from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan. Lawyers for President Obama also said that the "public interest lies with maintaining the status quo".
Last month, Obama gave a speech in which he promised to work towards closing the base, and to allow the release of many of the 86 prisoners held there who have been cleared for transfer. He described the camp as a moral problem for the nation that had to be solved.
...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jul/03/guantanamo-bay-hunger-strike-detainees-ramadan
Barack Obama urged to halt Ramadan force-feeding at Guantanamo Bay
Lawyers for four inmates have also filed petitions with the US government to stop this procedure during the religious festival
Islamic community leaders are asking Barack Obama to stop the practice of force-feeding Muslim detainees at Guantanamo Bay who are on hunger strike during Ramadan.
The religious festival, which began on Monday, is marked by fasting during daylight hours in the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.
Ibrahim Hooper, spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations CAIR, described the practice of force-feeding as “in violation of international norms and medical ethics.” Speaking to the Guardian, he said: “We believe it's wrong to force-feed at any time but it is particularly upsetting to do it through Ramadan.”
Dr Azzam Tamimi, an Islamic community leader in Britain, said this practice was becoming “increasingly embarrassing for the US government”. He added: “It's about time President Obama took a brave decision to end this in a way that would be appreciated around the Islamic world.”
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barack-obama-urged-to-halt-ramadan-forcefeeding-at-guantanamo-bay-8695878.html
Lawyers for four inmates have also filed petitions with the US government to stop this procedure during the religious festival
Islamic community leaders are asking Barack Obama to stop the practice of force-feeding Muslim detainees at Guantanamo Bay who are on hunger strike during Ramadan.
The religious festival, which began on Monday, is marked by fasting during daylight hours in the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.
Ibrahim Hooper, spokesman for the Council on American-Islamic Relations CAIR, described the practice of force-feeding as “in violation of international norms and medical ethics.” Speaking to the Guardian, he said: “We believe it's wrong to force-feed at any time but it is particularly upsetting to do it through Ramadan.”
Dr Azzam Tamimi, an Islamic community leader in Britain, said this practice was becoming “increasingly embarrassing for the US government”. He added: “It's about time President Obama took a brave decision to end this in a way that would be appreciated around the Islamic world.”
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barack-obama-urged-to-halt-ramadan-forcefeeding-at-guantanamo-bay-8695878.html
It is well beyond time to close Guantánamo.
July 7, 2013
Executive Order 12333 (amended in 2004) which defines their role is as follows:
The modifications to Executive Order 12333 read as follows:
So, one may observe the following statements to be true:
The NSA is part of the Intelligence Community as defined above.
The Intelligence Community as defined above is directly controlled by the Director of National Intelligence.
The Director of National Intelligence is directly controlled by the President of the United States.
The President of the United States controls the NSA.
Therefore, the President of the United States is not powerless to control the NSA surveillance program.
A surveillance program which is noted to be criminal:
If the legal contortions that were purported to allow torture under the Bush Administration were distressing, the legal contortions that are purported to allow large-scale surveillance (among other things) under the Obama Administration should be equally distressing to anyone who would want live by the rule of law.
President Obama: The Helpless Spy
The NSA Mission Statement reads as follows:
Mission
The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) leads the U.S. Government in cryptology that encompasses both Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and Information Assurance (IA) products and services, and enables Computer Network Operations (CNO) in order to gain a decision advantage for the Nation and our allies under all circumstances.
The Information Assurance mission confronts the formidable challenge of preventing foreign adversaries from gaining access to sensitive or classified national security information. The Signals Intelligence mission collects, processes, and disseminates intelligence information from foreign signals for intelligence and counterintelligence purposes and to support military operations. This Agency also enables Network Warfare operations to defeat terrorists and their organizations at home and abroad, consistent with U.S. laws and the protection of privacy and civil liberties.
Executive Order 12333, originally issued 4 December 1981, delineates the NSA/CSS roles and responsibilities. In part, the Director, NSA/Chief, CSS is charged to:
EO 12333 was amended on 31 July 2008 in order to:
http://www.nsa.gov/about/mission/index.shtml
The National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS) leads the U.S. Government in cryptology that encompasses both Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) and Information Assurance (IA) products and services, and enables Computer Network Operations (CNO) in order to gain a decision advantage for the Nation and our allies under all circumstances.
The Information Assurance mission confronts the formidable challenge of preventing foreign adversaries from gaining access to sensitive or classified national security information. The Signals Intelligence mission collects, processes, and disseminates intelligence information from foreign signals for intelligence and counterintelligence purposes and to support military operations. This Agency also enables Network Warfare operations to defeat terrorists and their organizations at home and abroad, consistent with U.S. laws and the protection of privacy and civil liberties.
Executive Order 12333, originally issued 4 December 1981, delineates the NSA/CSS roles and responsibilities. In part, the Director, NSA/Chief, CSS is charged to:
- Collect (including through clandestine means), process, analyze, produce, and disseminate signals intelligence information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes to support national and departmental missions;
- Act as the National Manager for National Security Systems as established in law and policy, and in this capacity be responsible to the Secretary of Defense and to the Director, National Intelligence;
- Prescribe security regulations covering operating practices, including the transmission, handling, and distribution of signals intelligence and communications security material within and among the elements under control of the Director of the National Security Agency, and exercise the necessary supervisory control to ensure compliance with the regulations.
EO 12333 was amended on 31 July 2008 in order to:
- Align EO12333 with the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004;
- Implement additional recommendations of the 9/11 and WMD Commissions;
- Further integrate the Intelligence Community and clarify and strengthen the role of the DNI as the head of the Community;
- Maintain or strengthen privacy and civil liberties protections.
http://www.nsa.gov/about/mission/index.shtml
Executive Order 12333 (amended in 2004) which defines their role is as follows:
Executive Order 12333--United States intelligence activities
Source: The provisions of Executive Order 12333 of Dec. 4, 1981, appear at 46 FR 59941, 3 CFR, 1981 Comp., p. 200, unless otherwise noted.
...
1.2 The National Security Council.
(a) Purpose. The National Security Council (NSC) was established by the National Security Act of 1947 to advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign and military policies relating to the national security. The NSC shall act as the highest Executive Branch entity that provides review of, guidance for and direction to the conduct of all national foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, and special activities, and attendant policies and programs.
(b) Committees. The NSC shall establish such committees as may be necessary to carry out its functions and responsibilities under this Order. The NSC, or a committee established by it, shall consider and submit to the President a policy recommendation, including all dissents, on each special activity and shall review proposals for other sensitive intelligence operations.
...
1.4 The Intelligence Community. The agencies within the Intelligence Community shall, in accordance with applicable United States law and with the other provisions of this Order, conduct intelligence activities necessary for the conduct of foreign relations and the protection of the national security of the United States, including:
(a) Collection of information needed by the President, the National Security Council, the Secretaries of State and Defense, and other Executive Branch officials for the performance of their duties and responsibilities;
(b) Production and dissemination of intelligence;
(c) Collection of information concerning, and the conduct of activities to protect against, intelligence activities directed against the United States, international terrorist and international narcotics activities, and other hostile activities directed against the United States by foreign powers, organizations, persons, and their agents;
(d) Special activities;
(e) Administrative and support activities within the United States and abroad necessary for the performance of authorized activities; and
(f) Such other intelligence activities as the President may direct from time to time.
1.5 Director of Central Intelligence. In order to discharge the duties and responsibilities prescribed by law, the Director of Central Intelligence shall be responsible directly to the President and the NSC and shall:
(a) Act as the primary adviser to the President and the NSC on national foreign intelligence and provide the President and other officials in the Executive Branch with national foreign intelligence;
(b) Develop such objectives and guidance for the Intelligence Community as will enhance capabilities for responding to expected future needs for national foreign intelligence;
(c) Promote the development and maintenance of services of common concern by designated intelligence organizations on behalf of the Intelligence Community;
(d) Ensure implementation of special activities;
(e) Formulate policies concerning foreign intelligence and counterintelligence arrangements with foreign governments, coordinate foreign intelligence and counterintelligence relationships between agencies of the Intelligence Community and the intelligence or internal security services of foreign governments, and establish procedures governing the conduct of liaison by any department or agency with such services on narcotics activities;
(f) Participate in the development of procedures approved by the Attorney General governing criminal narcotics intelligence activities abroad to ensure that these activities are consistent with foreign intelligence programs;
...
(b) National Security Agency, whose responsibilities shall include:
(1) Establishment and operation of an effective unified organization for signals intelligence activities, except for the delegation of operational control over certain operations that are conducted through other elements of the Intelligence Community. No other department or agency may engage in signals intelligence activities except pursuant to a delegation by the Secretary of Defense;
(2) Control of signals intelligence collection and processing activities, including assignment of resources to an appropriate agent for such periods and tasks as required for the direct support of military commanders;
(3) Collection of signals intelligence information for national foreign intelligence purposes in accordance with guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(4) Processing of signals intelligence data for national foreign intelligence purposes in accordance with guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(5) Dissemination of signals intelligence information for national foreign intelligence purposes to authorized elements of the Government, including the military services, in accordance with guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(6) Collection, processing and dissemination of signals intelligence information for counterintelligence purposes;
(7) Provision of signals intelligence support for the conduct of military operations in accordance with tasking, priorities, and standards of timeliness assigned by the Secretary of Defense. If provision of such support requires use of national collection systems, these systems will be tasked within existing guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(8) Executing the responsibilities of the Secretary of Defense as executive agent for the communications security of the United States Government;
(9) Conduct of research and development to meet the needs of the United States for signals intelligence and communications security;
(10) Protection of the security of its installations, activities, property, information, and employees by appropriate means, including such investigations of applicants, employees, contractors, and other persons with similar associations with the NSA as are necessary;
(11) Prescribing, within its field of authorized operations, security regulations covering operating practices, including the transmission, handling and distribution of signals intelligence and communications security material within and among the elements under control of the Director of the NSA, and exercising the necessary supervisory control to ensure compliance with the regulations;
(12) Conduct of foreign cryptologic liaison relationships, with liaison for intelligence purposes conducted in accordance with policies formulated by the Director of Central Intelligence; and
(13) Conduct of such administrative and technical support activities within and outside the United States as are necessary to perform the functions described in sections (1) through (12) above, including procurement.
...
http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html
Source: The provisions of Executive Order 12333 of Dec. 4, 1981, appear at 46 FR 59941, 3 CFR, 1981 Comp., p. 200, unless otherwise noted.
...
1.2 The National Security Council.
(a) Purpose. The National Security Council (NSC) was established by the National Security Act of 1947 to advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign and military policies relating to the national security. The NSC shall act as the highest Executive Branch entity that provides review of, guidance for and direction to the conduct of all national foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, and special activities, and attendant policies and programs.
(b) Committees. The NSC shall establish such committees as may be necessary to carry out its functions and responsibilities under this Order. The NSC, or a committee established by it, shall consider and submit to the President a policy recommendation, including all dissents, on each special activity and shall review proposals for other sensitive intelligence operations.
...
1.4 The Intelligence Community. The agencies within the Intelligence Community shall, in accordance with applicable United States law and with the other provisions of this Order, conduct intelligence activities necessary for the conduct of foreign relations and the protection of the national security of the United States, including:
(a) Collection of information needed by the President, the National Security Council, the Secretaries of State and Defense, and other Executive Branch officials for the performance of their duties and responsibilities;
(b) Production and dissemination of intelligence;
(c) Collection of information concerning, and the conduct of activities to protect against, intelligence activities directed against the United States, international terrorist and international narcotics activities, and other hostile activities directed against the United States by foreign powers, organizations, persons, and their agents;
(d) Special activities;
(e) Administrative and support activities within the United States and abroad necessary for the performance of authorized activities; and
(f) Such other intelligence activities as the President may direct from time to time.
1.5 Director of Central Intelligence. In order to discharge the duties and responsibilities prescribed by law, the Director of Central Intelligence shall be responsible directly to the President and the NSC and shall:
(a) Act as the primary adviser to the President and the NSC on national foreign intelligence and provide the President and other officials in the Executive Branch with national foreign intelligence;
(b) Develop such objectives and guidance for the Intelligence Community as will enhance capabilities for responding to expected future needs for national foreign intelligence;
(c) Promote the development and maintenance of services of common concern by designated intelligence organizations on behalf of the Intelligence Community;
(d) Ensure implementation of special activities;
(e) Formulate policies concerning foreign intelligence and counterintelligence arrangements with foreign governments, coordinate foreign intelligence and counterintelligence relationships between agencies of the Intelligence Community and the intelligence or internal security services of foreign governments, and establish procedures governing the conduct of liaison by any department or agency with such services on narcotics activities;
(f) Participate in the development of procedures approved by the Attorney General governing criminal narcotics intelligence activities abroad to ensure that these activities are consistent with foreign intelligence programs;
...
(b) National Security Agency, whose responsibilities shall include:
(1) Establishment and operation of an effective unified organization for signals intelligence activities, except for the delegation of operational control over certain operations that are conducted through other elements of the Intelligence Community. No other department or agency may engage in signals intelligence activities except pursuant to a delegation by the Secretary of Defense;
(2) Control of signals intelligence collection and processing activities, including assignment of resources to an appropriate agent for such periods and tasks as required for the direct support of military commanders;
(3) Collection of signals intelligence information for national foreign intelligence purposes in accordance with guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(4) Processing of signals intelligence data for national foreign intelligence purposes in accordance with guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(5) Dissemination of signals intelligence information for national foreign intelligence purposes to authorized elements of the Government, including the military services, in accordance with guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(6) Collection, processing and dissemination of signals intelligence information for counterintelligence purposes;
(7) Provision of signals intelligence support for the conduct of military operations in accordance with tasking, priorities, and standards of timeliness assigned by the Secretary of Defense. If provision of such support requires use of national collection systems, these systems will be tasked within existing guidance from the Director of Central Intelligence;
(8) Executing the responsibilities of the Secretary of Defense as executive agent for the communications security of the United States Government;
(9) Conduct of research and development to meet the needs of the United States for signals intelligence and communications security;
(10) Protection of the security of its installations, activities, property, information, and employees by appropriate means, including such investigations of applicants, employees, contractors, and other persons with similar associations with the NSA as are necessary;
(11) Prescribing, within its field of authorized operations, security regulations covering operating practices, including the transmission, handling and distribution of signals intelligence and communications security material within and among the elements under control of the Director of the NSA, and exercising the necessary supervisory control to ensure compliance with the regulations;
(12) Conduct of foreign cryptologic liaison relationships, with liaison for intelligence purposes conducted in accordance with policies formulated by the Director of Central Intelligence; and
(13) Conduct of such administrative and technical support activities within and outside the United States as are necessary to perform the functions described in sections (1) through (12) above, including procurement.
...
http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12333.html
The modifications to Executive Order 12333 read as follows:
PUBLIC LAW 108–458—DEC. 17, 2004
INTELLIGENCE REFORM AND TERRORISM PREVENTION ACT OF 2004
...
‘‘DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
‘‘SEC. 102. (a) DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.—(1) There
is a Director of National Intelligence who shall be appointed by
the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Any individual nominated for appointment as Director of National
Intelligence shall have extensive national security expertise.
‘‘(2) The Director of National Intelligence shall not be located
within the Executive Office of the President.
‘‘(b) PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITY.—Subject to the authority, direction,
and control of the President, the Director of National Intelligence
shall—
‘‘(1) serve as head of the intelligence community;
‘‘(2) act as the principal adviser to the President, to the
National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council
for intelligence matters related to the national security; and
‘‘(3) consistent with section 1018 of the National Security
Intelligence Reform Act of 2004, oversee and direct the
implementation of the National Intelligence Program.
‘‘(c) PROHIBITION ON DUAL SERVICE.—The individual serving
in the position of Director of National Intelligence shall not, while
so serving, also serve as the Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency or as the head of any other element of the intelligence
community.
...
SEC. 1073. ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY UNDER
NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947.
Paragraph (4) of section 3 of the National Security Act of
1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a) is amended to read as follows:
‘‘(4) The term ‘intelligence community’ includes the following:
‘‘(A) The Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
‘‘(B) The Central Intelligence Agency.
‘‘(C) The National Security Agency.
‘‘(D) The Defense Intelligence Agency.
‘‘(E) The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
‘‘(F) The National Reconnaissance Office.
‘‘(G) Other offices within the Department of Defense
for the collection of specialized national intelligence through
reconnaissance programs.
‘‘(H) The intelligence elements of the Army, the Navy,
the Air Force, the Marine Corps, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, and the Department of Energy.
‘‘(I) The Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the
Department of State.
‘‘(J) The Office of Intelligence and Analysis of the
Department of the Treasury.
‘‘(K) The elements of the Department of Homeland
Security concerned with the analysis of intelligence
information, including the Office of Intelligence of the Coast
Guard.
‘‘(L) Such other elements of any other department or
agency as may be designated by the President, or designated
jointly by the Director of National Intelligence
and the head of the department or agency concerned, as
an element of the intelligence community.’’
...
http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/laws/pl108-458.pdf
INTELLIGENCE REFORM AND TERRORISM PREVENTION ACT OF 2004
...
‘‘DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE
‘‘SEC. 102. (a) DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE.—(1) There
is a Director of National Intelligence who shall be appointed by
the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Any individual nominated for appointment as Director of National
Intelligence shall have extensive national security expertise.
‘‘(2) The Director of National Intelligence shall not be located
within the Executive Office of the President.
‘‘(b) PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITY.—Subject to the authority, direction,
and control of the President, the Director of National Intelligence
shall—
‘‘(1) serve as head of the intelligence community;
‘‘(2) act as the principal adviser to the President, to the
National Security Council, and the Homeland Security Council
for intelligence matters related to the national security; and
‘‘(3) consistent with section 1018 of the National Security
Intelligence Reform Act of 2004, oversee and direct the
implementation of the National Intelligence Program.
‘‘(c) PROHIBITION ON DUAL SERVICE.—The individual serving
in the position of Director of National Intelligence shall not, while
so serving, also serve as the Director of the Central Intelligence
Agency or as the head of any other element of the intelligence
community.
...
SEC. 1073. ELEMENTS OF INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY UNDER
NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947.
Paragraph (4) of section 3 of the National Security Act of
1947 (50 U.S.C. 401a) is amended to read as follows:
‘‘(4) The term ‘intelligence community’ includes the following:
‘‘(A) The Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
‘‘(B) The Central Intelligence Agency.
‘‘(C) The National Security Agency.
‘‘(D) The Defense Intelligence Agency.
‘‘(E) The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
‘‘(F) The National Reconnaissance Office.
‘‘(G) Other offices within the Department of Defense
for the collection of specialized national intelligence through
reconnaissance programs.
‘‘(H) The intelligence elements of the Army, the Navy,
the Air Force, the Marine Corps, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, and the Department of Energy.
‘‘(I) The Bureau of Intelligence and Research of the
Department of State.
‘‘(J) The Office of Intelligence and Analysis of the
Department of the Treasury.
‘‘(K) The elements of the Department of Homeland
Security concerned with the analysis of intelligence
information, including the Office of Intelligence of the Coast
Guard.
‘‘(L) Such other elements of any other department or
agency as may be designated by the President, or designated
jointly by the Director of National Intelligence
and the head of the department or agency concerned, as
an element of the intelligence community.’’
...
http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/laws/pl108-458.pdf
So, one may observe the following statements to be true:
The NSA is part of the Intelligence Community as defined above.
The Intelligence Community as defined above is directly controlled by the Director of National Intelligence.
The Director of National Intelligence is directly controlled by the President of the United States.
The President of the United States controls the NSA.
Therefore, the President of the United States is not powerless to control the NSA surveillance program.
A surveillance program which is noted to be criminal:
The Criminal N.S.A.
By JENNIFER STISA GRANICK and CHRISTOPHER JON SPRIGMAN
Published: June 27, 2013
THE twin revelations that telecom carriers have been secretly giving the National Security Agency information about Americans’ phone calls, and that the N.S.A. has been capturing e-mail and other private communications from Internet companies as part of a secret program called Prism, have not enraged most Americans. Lulled, perhaps, by the Obama administration’s claims that these “modest encroachments on privacy” were approved by Congress and by federal judges, public opinion quickly migrated from shock to “meh.”
It didn’t help that Congressional watchdogs — with a few exceptions, like Senator Rand Paul, Republican of Kentucky — have accepted the White House’s claims of legality. The leaders of the Senate Intelligence Committee, Dianne Feinstein, Democrat of California, and Saxby Chambliss, Republican of Georgia, have called the surveillance legal. So have liberal-leaning commentators like Hendrik Hertzberg and David Ignatius.
This view is wrong — and not only, or even mainly, because of the privacy issues raised by the American Civil Liberties Union and other critics. The two programs violate both the letter and the spirit of federal law. No statute explicitly authorizes mass surveillance. Through a series of legal contortions, the Obama administration has argued that Congress, since 9/11, intended to implicitly authorize mass surveillance. But this strategy mostly consists of wordplay, fear-mongering and a highly selective reading of the law. Americans deserve better from the White House — and from President Obama, who has seemingly forgotten the constitutional law he once taught.
The administration has defended each of the two secret programs. Let’s examine them in turn.
...
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/opinion/the-criminal-nsa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
By JENNIFER STISA GRANICK and CHRISTOPHER JON SPRIGMAN
Published: June 27, 2013
THE twin revelations that telecom carriers have been secretly giving the National Security Agency information about Americans’ phone calls, and that the N.S.A. has been capturing e-mail and other private communications from Internet companies as part of a secret program called Prism, have not enraged most Americans. Lulled, perhaps, by the Obama administration’s claims that these “modest encroachments on privacy” were approved by Congress and by federal judges, public opinion quickly migrated from shock to “meh.”
It didn’t help that Congressional watchdogs — with a few exceptions, like Senator Rand Paul, Republican of Kentucky — have accepted the White House’s claims of legality. The leaders of the Senate Intelligence Committee, Dianne Feinstein, Democrat of California, and Saxby Chambliss, Republican of Georgia, have called the surveillance legal. So have liberal-leaning commentators like Hendrik Hertzberg and David Ignatius.
This view is wrong — and not only, or even mainly, because of the privacy issues raised by the American Civil Liberties Union and other critics. The two programs violate both the letter and the spirit of federal law. No statute explicitly authorizes mass surveillance. Through a series of legal contortions, the Obama administration has argued that Congress, since 9/11, intended to implicitly authorize mass surveillance. But this strategy mostly consists of wordplay, fear-mongering and a highly selective reading of the law. Americans deserve better from the White House — and from President Obama, who has seemingly forgotten the constitutional law he once taught.
The administration has defended each of the two secret programs. Let’s examine them in turn.
...
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/28/opinion/the-criminal-nsa.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
If the legal contortions that were purported to allow torture under the Bush Administration were distressing, the legal contortions that are purported to allow large-scale surveillance (among other things) under the Obama Administration should be equally distressing to anyone who would want live by the rule of law.
July 3, 2013
Calling the ubiquitous denunciation of Edward Snowden a mere fixation seems to be an understatement. One wonders if Mr. Greenwald reads DU.
Greenwald: James Clapper, EU play-acting, and political priorities
James Clapper, EU play-acting, and political priorities
Fixations on denouncing Edward Snowden distract, by design, from the serious transgressions of those who are far more powerful
Glenn Greenwald
guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 3 July 2013 09.34 EDT
The NSA revelations continue to expose far more than just the ongoing operations of that sprawling and unaccountable spying agency. Let's examine what we have learned this week about the US political and media class and then certain EU leaders.
The first NSA story to be reported was our June 6 article which exposed the bulk, indiscriminate collection by the US Government of the telephone records of tens of millions of Americans. Ever since then, it has been undeniably clear that James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence, outright lied to the US Senate - specifically to the Intelligence Committee, the body charged with oversight over surveillance programs - when he said "no, sir" in response to this question from Democratic Sen. Ron Wyden: "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?"
That Clapper fundamentally misled Congress is beyond dispute. The DNI himself has now been forced by our stories to admit that his statement was, in his words, "clearly erroneous" and to apologize. But he did this only once our front-page revelations forced him to do so: in other words, what he's sorry about is that he got caught lying to the Senate. And as Salon's David Siorta adeptly documented on Friday, Clapper is still spouting falsehoods as he apologizes and attempts to explain why he did it.
How is this not a huge scandal? Intentionally deceiving Congress is a felony, punishable by up to 5 years in prison for each offense. Reagan administration officials were convicted of misleading Congress as part of the Iran-contra scandal and other controversies, and sports stars have been prosecuted by the Obama DOJ based on allegations they have done so.
...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jul/03/clapper-lying-snowden-eu-bolivia
Fixations on denouncing Edward Snowden distract, by design, from the serious transgressions of those who are far more powerful
Glenn Greenwald
guardian.co.uk, Wednesday 3 July 2013 09.34 EDT
The NSA revelations continue to expose far more than just the ongoing operations of that sprawling and unaccountable spying agency. Let's examine what we have learned this week about the US political and media class and then certain EU leaders.
The first NSA story to be reported was our June 6 article which exposed the bulk, indiscriminate collection by the US Government of the telephone records of tens of millions of Americans. Ever since then, it has been undeniably clear that James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence, outright lied to the US Senate - specifically to the Intelligence Committee, the body charged with oversight over surveillance programs - when he said "no, sir" in response to this question from Democratic Sen. Ron Wyden: "Does the NSA collect any type of data at all on millions or hundreds of millions of Americans?"
That Clapper fundamentally misled Congress is beyond dispute. The DNI himself has now been forced by our stories to admit that his statement was, in his words, "clearly erroneous" and to apologize. But he did this only once our front-page revelations forced him to do so: in other words, what he's sorry about is that he got caught lying to the Senate. And as Salon's David Siorta adeptly documented on Friday, Clapper is still spouting falsehoods as he apologizes and attempts to explain why he did it.
How is this not a huge scandal? Intentionally deceiving Congress is a felony, punishable by up to 5 years in prison for each offense. Reagan administration officials were convicted of misleading Congress as part of the Iran-contra scandal and other controversies, and sports stars have been prosecuted by the Obama DOJ based on allegations they have done so.
...
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2013/jul/03/clapper-lying-snowden-eu-bolivia
Calling the ubiquitous denunciation of Edward Snowden a mere fixation seems to be an understatement. One wonders if Mr. Greenwald reads DU.
July 1, 2013
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[hr]
We Interrupt Your Regularly Scheduled Programming To Bring You This Breaking News Bulletin...
[hr]
Misinformation on classified NSA programs includes statements by senior U.S. officials
By Greg Miller, Sunday, June 30, 8:19 PM
...
“A lie can get halfway around the world before the truth gets its boots on,” said Robert Litt, citing a line often attributed to Mark Twain. “Unfortunately, there’s been a lot of misinformation that’s come out about these programs.”
The remark by Litt, general counsel for the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, was aimed at news organizations. But details that have emerged from the exposure of hundreds of pages of previously classified NSA documents indicate that public assertions about these programs by senior U.S. officials have also often been misleading, erroneous or simply false.
The same day Litt spoke, the NSA quietly removed from its Web site a fact sheet about its collection activities because it contained inaccuracies discovered by lawmakers.
...
But even if it is not allowed to target U.S. citizens, the NSA has significant latitude to collect and keep the contents of e-mails and other communications of U.S. citizens that are swept up as part of the agency’s court-approved monitoring of a target overseas.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/misinformation-on-classified-nsa-programs-includes-statements-by-senior-us-officials/2013/06/30/7b5103a2-e028-11e2-b2d4-ea6d8f477a01_story.html
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We Now Return You To Your Regularly Scheduled Programming:
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