Golf club apologizes for calling cops on black women members

[mercuryblues]

17. It is deeply ingrained and off topic

I can't find the article I was looking for, but a test question, from a middle school standardized test went something like this:

John and Joe enjoyed a game of golf then went into the country _____ to eat lunch.

A/restaurant
B/club
C/church
D/Car

The correct answer being B. But minorities, esp those on the lower economic scale or inner cities would think the answer is A.

On its face it doesn't appear to be racist

Many minorities haven't been exposed to country clubs in their everyday lives. Besides, a club is what you use to golf with, not eat in. Or buy groceries in (sam's club), a sports group of players and fans, etc.

But I did find these articles:

The SAT uses an experimental section to test questions that may be used on future tests. If the questions don’t test well, they are scrapped. If they do well, the questions are placed on future tests. But how do test administrators decide when a question does well? By the performance of white males.

Researcher Jay Rosner analyzed 276 verbal and math questions from the 1998-2000 SATs. He discovered what he calls “Black questions,” which more Blacks than whites answered correctly on the experimental sections. These questions never made it onto the scored sections of future tests. Instead, the SAT contains the “White questions.” Rosner argues that the questions are geared toward whites, as test developers are mandated to recreate the norm, and the norm is White males outperforming their peers.

http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/12/04/4-ways-the-sat-is-culturally-biased-against-black-students/

Now read this:

The focus of both studies is on questions that show "differential item functioning," known by its acronym DIF. A DIF question is one on which students "matched by proficiency" and other factors have variable scores, predictably by race, on selected questions. A DIF question has notable differences between black and white (or, in theory, other subsets of students) whose educational background and skill set suggest that they should get similar scores. The 2003 study and this year's found no DIF issues in the mathematics section.

But what Freedle found in 2003 has now been confirmed independently by the new study: that some kinds of verbal questions have a DIF for black and white students. On some of the easier verbal questions, the two studies found that a DIF favored white students. On some of the most difficult verbal questions, the DIF favored black students. Freedle's theory about why this would be the case was that easier questions are likely reflected in the cultural expressions that are used commonly in the dominant (white) society, so white students have an edge based not on education or study skills or aptitude, but because they are most likely growing up around white people. The more difficult words are more likely to be learned, not just absorbed.

https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/06/21/sat