solution for the water trough. I'm sure just insulating a tank would help, and reducing the amount of water surface exposed to the weather.
You might also consider insulating and burying both the tank (partially in the ground) and the hose like a water line out to the tank. Of course if you were to go that far it's probably not much more to just run a regular water line instead of a hose. Seems like it would be nice to work out some way to do it passively rather than relying on electricity.
Feeling creative? A few more intersting ideas to consider:
There's a lot of info about this online -
PARABOLIC TROUGH REFLECTOR SOLAR WATER HEATER GREEN POWER
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXXOwfZA2Rkhttp://www.youtube.com/user/GREENPOWERSCIENCEWritten instructions on making one:
http://power-shift.org/parabolic-trough-reflector-solar-water-heater-green-powerhttps://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/FTA_para_trough.pdfAll about solar water heating heating
http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/WaterHeating/water_heating.htmHorse forum discussion on freezing troughs:
http://www.horsegroomingsupplies.com/horse-chat-forum/get_topic/3/001005.html