http://economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8679931Feb 8th 2007
From The Economist print edition
Reasons not to savour that fat bonus cheque
“IT'S the rich wot gets the pleasure, it's the poor wot gets the blame.” The soldiers who sang that ditty in the first world war may have been reflecting on the contrast between their lice-ridden, shell-shocked existence and the creature comforts available to aristocrats back home.
There was an enormous disparity between the income and wealth of the top and bottom classes of society in the early days of the 20th century, as there is today, another era of boisterous global trade. The issue of inequality prompted Ben Bernanke, the Federal Reserve chairman, to make a speech on February 6th calling for improvements in education and training to help displaced workers.
Ajay Kapur and Niall Macleod, two Citigroup strategists, have invented the term “plutonomy” to describe an economy where the spending power of the elite holds sway. They argue that American savings data are distorted by the top 20% of the population. Whereas many Americans are reasonably thrifty, the wealthiest group spends more than it earns.
The rich need not save because financial markets are doing their savings for them. Rising equity and house prices drove up the net-worth-to-income ratio of the wealthiest tenth of Americans from 5.8 in 1989 to 8.4 in 2004. That gives them a licence to spend and makes them immune to petty worries like higher petrol prices.
Furthermore, Messrs Kapur and Macleod say the rise of wealthy elites in Russia and Asia may help explain why America finds it so easy to fund its current-account deficit. Emerging-market plutocrats are nervous about keeping their fortunes at home, lest the political winds change. So they seek to move as much of it as possible to richer countries. This, together with reserve management by the central banks in Asia and oil-exporting countries, provides a steady source of demand for American assets.
But what has caused this great dispersion of wealth? It is not happening in all countries. The gap has been widening in America, Britain and Canada but has barely budged in France, Japan or the Netherlands. The two strategists cite numerous factors, including rising executive pay and technological innovation, which have rewarded high-skilled individuals. Globalisation, which seems to have lowered the relative cost of unskilled labour and boosted the return to capital, has also played its part.
Actually, if one looks at a broad sweep of history, it is the relatively egalitarian 20th century that seems the exception. Mass democracy is only 100 years old and it ushered in both the welfare state and redistributive taxation. The rise of democracy, in turn, was driven by the economic power of workers, especially those gathered in large groups to work in mining, manufacturing and transport. As those industries have ebbed, so have the forces of economic equality.
/read on...
(Also perhaps worth noting this guy
Daniel Altman's writings in this field. ('Rational right-winger?') Eg:
http://www.thinkingpeace.com/pages/arts2/arts202.html...
Wealthier people derive more of their income from returns on saving—both in dollar terms and as a proportion of income—than poor people do. When taxes on the return from savings suddenly disappear, the wealthy benefit the most. It may be that people who depend on their jobs for income will benefit, too, in the long run, thanks to an expanding economy and rising wages. But for several years, in all likelihood, the income gap will continue to widen.
That income gap poses some real dangers to the economy and even to the earnings of the wealthy. With rising inequality, it's harder for poor people to obtain economic opportunities, because chances to get education and training, or to bring ideas to market, depend on money as well as talent, and because the number of these opportunities is limited.
The Bush administration has done little to alleviate either of these conditions. So, when income gaps widen, more of the potential of poor people—even the smartest and most innovative poor people—will inevitably be wasted. The wealthier people who own America's companies won't have as skilled a workforce, or as fast a flow of new ideas, as they might have had otherwise.
Perhaps more important, abolishing taxes on saving would give people every incentive to receive all their income from financial assets rather than wages and salaries. For some, spending all day adjusting one's portfolio might make more sense than taking a job. Even people who work will seek ways to avoid taxes, for example by being paid solely in stock options or high-interest bonds.
Of course, those people would probably be chief executives and other financial sophisticates, rather than home health workers, call-center operators, and short-order cooks. Eventually, the new incentives could lead to a whole new way of classifying people: working and upper-class would be replaced by taxpayer and free-rider. Titans of industry, heirs and heiresses, and wizards of Wall Street wouldn't pay for national defense, cancer research, or President Bush's trip to Mars. All those costs would be borne by America's breadwinners.
It sounds like a recipe for the kind of social unrest that can make an economy stagger, stagnate, or worse. A political backlash would seem almost inevitable. And something worse—like a riotous manifestation of anticapitalist sentiment—would become a real possibility for the first time in decades. And that's what could happen if the theory works.