|
Edited on Fri Mar-13-09 09:49 AM by northernlights
At the subatomic level, we can observe electrons as waves *or* as particles with about equal ease, just not at the same time. All observation is indirect, and dependant on the type of instrumentation used to observe.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is a mathematical statement that says we can't know an electron's location and momentum at the same time. The more we know about location, the less we know about momentum, and vice versa.
I don't understand what is meant by a "wave function collapsing." The term wave function refers to the 3-d coordinates that graph the shape, size and orientation of specific orbitals. Orbitals are essentially energy levels within which electrons travel about 90% of the time, and each orbital holds up to 2 electrons spinning in opposite directions (per the Pauli principle). For example, the 1S orbital is shaped like a sphere and is closest to the nucleus. The 2S orbital also shaped like a sphere, but has higher energy, so is larger than the 1S orbital and further from the nucleus. The 2P orbitals are higher energy than the 2S orbital (but lower energy than the 3S orbital) and shaped like dumbells. There are 3 of them with horizontal, vertical and one at a 90% angle.
So the wave function, and the orbital it describes, is always there -- it simply refers to an energy level. That energy level may or may not be occupied by an electron or two.
When you put the mathematics together, you end up with approximately spherical atoms, each with a central nucleus, surrounded by a "cloud" of electrons that, depending on their energy level, move within specific orbitals approximately 90% of the time. The other 10% of their time, they are somewhere not within their orbitals. Experimentation supports this.
As much as I love quantum mechanics, it's not really "new physics" any more. It really is "old physics." I asked my chemistry professor why we stopped (in class) at the 70+ year old, quantum mechanical model of the atom and she explained that there are no models available that describe the current theories in physics. She said physics has proceeded to the point of being pure mathematic relationships that are absolutely mind-boggling, and so abstract that no physical models describe them.
For example, I was just discussing with a friend the controversy over whether "string theory" can even be referred to as a theory. It allows predictions, but we have no instruments sensitive enough to test the predictions. The predictions can't be observed by any our 5 senses (and I guess we haven't developed our other sense enough to reliably observe it, lol). But I guess that math works, for the few people that can do it!
Don't get me wrong. All of it really resonates with eastern philosophy and spirituality, even with the mathematics! But fuzzy use of language doesn't lend credibility when talking to scientists, which may be why some are so quick to pooh-pooh and turn their backs...
I read "The Tao of Physics," "The Dancing Wu Li Masters," "Quantum Reality" and several other lay books on quantum mechanics back in the 80s and I loved them. Studying the mathematics and science of it, though, lends a somewhat different perspective. For example, to realize that all "objects" also are waves. I can calculate my own wavelength and frequency, they're just too huge to observe. On the other hand, an electron is just the right size to observe equally as a wave or as a particle. When you get smaller than an electron, it's easier to observe the wave and very hard to observe as a particle.
|