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(See Section 1706 of the Tax Reform Act of 1986.)
Under the apologetic of protecting migrant agricultural workers (and preventing some tax cheats), it's been the single most aggravating barrier to various service workers (computer programmers in particular) starting a freelance 'business' of any I know of. Up until Moynihan's amendment, the IRS (and other agencies) used an established set of reasonableness considerations to determine whether an individual was to be considered an 'employee' or a 'contractor.' Among the tests were whether the individual had multiple clients, whether the individual performed work for the same client for more than 18 months in any 24, whether the individual was supervising the work of others or making 'mamagement' decisions, whether the manner in which the work is performed is under the control of the client, and other reasonableness tests. If the individual is a contractor, they're responsible for both shares of FICA, their own benefits, etc. If, on the other hand, the person is ACTUALLY being used like any employee, the client becomes responsible for FICA, unemployment taxes, and other restrictions, particularly in non-RTW ("right to work") states.
The change in the law exposed companies to penalties if they were found to be falsely calling people 'Contractors' instead of 'employees.' Companies then massively tightened up on using individual contractors and moved to 'body shops' ... establishing 'approved vendors' and such ... under the protective provision that IF a formal employment relationship existed between the individual and the 'body shop' then it was clear that the client DID NOT have that employment relationship with the individual.
I (and most others) saw it as a 'gift' to the Temporary Help (Consulting) businesses and a screw-job for freelance programmers. It was NOT accidental that those businesses, no longer having to compete with freelance programmers, raised their portion of the fees charged to the client from an average of about 15% to 30% and more ... sometimes WAY more. They became "the only game in town" for folks who didn't want to be tied down working in a single company. It was obscene. The temp companies, who weren't very good at making sure folks had a series of assignments anyway, become even less so ... "employing" the programmers ONLY for the term of the contract and doing virtually NOTHING to 'bridge' them over to the NEXT contract with some other client. Indeed... some 'body shops' didn't even have other clients and they become nothing but 'front' companies that played 'middleman' in the short-term employment relationship ... effectively compensating the individual less than if (s)he were an employee of the client.
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