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Edited on Wed Apr-29-09 07:15 AM by HamdenRice
In general, in the past, the NSA has conducted "signal intelligence" ("sigint" or electronic evesdropping) on foreign targets, not on Americans. For that reason, the NSA generally did not need a warrant.
The NSA, however, is not really an investigative agency so much as the handmaiden of other agencies that need the sigint. Most of the time, that's our intelligence agency that focuses on gathering intelligence overseas, namely, the CIA. At other times, it's the DoD which needs to listen in on foreign military targets. (Although with our lavish defense/intell budgets, the military has its own sigint capability in the even more secret Defense Intelligence Agency.)
As international communications became more intertwined, the NSA was bound to pick up Americans' conversations -- especially calls between foreigners and Americans. Bush accelerated this even before 9/11 by routing all communications through NSA tapable nodes, like the infamous one in California.
Theoretically, when the NSA wiretaps a foreigner having conversations with an American, it can evesdrop on, and record that conversation, but it must delete all of the words spoken by the American -- until it gets a warrant. An NSA "intercept" transcript of a foreigner having a conversation with an American looks like this:
Foreigner: So, how's your mom? American: <deleted> F: OK down to business. Is everything in place for the bomb next week? A: <deleted>
At this point, the NSA (or the organization, like the CIA, that the NSA is spying for) has to get a FISA warrant. The FISA Court gets to hear the secret evidence and grant the NSA a warrant to wiretap the American or transcribe the American half of the conversation.
But an additional confusion was that the CIA was not supposed to conduct law enforcement activities in the US, so at this point, the CIA had to pass off the investigation of the American to the FBI.
But the FBI had its own wire tapping capabilities independent of the NSA for domestic wiretapping pursuant to court warrant.
Another layer of confusion is that when a foreign intelligence organization is suspected of spying in the US, that's was historically a domestic federal law enforcement issue. That is investigated by the FBI which is part of the DOJ. The FBI was heavily involved in the "spy catching" cases during the cold war against the Soviets. (But if the foreign spy was believed to have penetrated the CIA, then it was also under the jurisdiction of CIA domestic counter-intelligence-- the nutty people under James Jesus Angelton and his successors.)
This was the nature of the conversations that Harman was having -- it was a domestic spycatching case. Remember it began as an investigation of AIPAC in Washington, as primarily a domestic spy-catching case. From most news reports, Harman was not having conversations with Mossad agents in Israel; she was having conversations with AIPAC officers who seem to have been working for the Mossad in Washington.
That leads me to believe that these were FBI wiretaps. But we don't know whether the FBI used its longstanding domestic wiretapping capabilities, or asked the NSA to wiretap, which the NSA was capable of thanks to the Bush administration expanding the NSA's domestic wiretapping capability.
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