I've wondered this for years myself, and I have a few theories:
1) King simply has different tastes in horror movies. If you've read IT, or his nonfiction book about horror (Danse Macabre), or seen any of the movies that he has been closely involved with, it's clear that he likes the old-school horror movies like the old Univeral or Hammer films. Mostly, they have an external threat that is eventually defeated, and the survivors pick up the pieces and move on with their lives. Kubrick's movie is much more like "The Exorcist" or those Polanski apartment movies, where the scary element is internal, psychological and ambiguous.
2) Maybe a little jealousy over being upstaged. "The Shining" was one of King's earliest books and one of his better ones, but so many people's associations with the story are scenes that were purely from the movie. "All work and no play...", "Here's Johnny" and so on. There was even an episode of "Friends" where Joey was discussing being scared about reading them book, except that several of the scenes he described were only in the move.
3) King clearly put a lot of himself into the character of Jack, and has said as much. The alcoholism, and anger and resentment over family & responsibility vs. a desire for artistic and commercial success as a writer are all things that King struggled with in his early career. The book is compelling because we see this guy teetering on the brink of self-destruction, but since much of the narrative viewpoint is in his head, we can also see his acknowledgment of his faults, and his desire to atone, and become a better person. The film jettisons this interior viewpoint, which makes Jack seem much less sympathetic than he is in the book.
King has often said that one of his major criticisms of the movie is that Nicholson is too obviously unhinged from the beginning. However, if you go back, and read some of the early chapters, and also some of the later ones that deal with his relationship with his rich alcoholic buddy, book Jack is even more troubled than movie Jack. Movie Jack sobers up after breaking Danny's arm - book Jack takes a possibly fatal hit-and-run to lay off the booze, and then is prone to angry and violent outbursts. In the interview chapter, book Jack sees himself as a humble penitent looking for a last chance, but there is a strong undercurrent of contempt for the manager, and self-pity for himself. In other words, I think that Nicholson's character in the early scenes in the movie is actually pretty close to how book Jack would come across, if you weren't privy to his internal thoughts.
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